[15,16]。
另一方面,狗的6号染色体发生了2个基因变异(GTF2I、GTF2IRD1),让狗变得乐于亲近人类,一见你就“笑”。不过,如果人类儿童携带了GTF2I的变异,就会患威廉综合征,他们过分热情,会冷不丁拥抱其他人,给他人带去困扰,同时因为很容易受到冷落(这是肯定的)而倍感孤独、伤心[17]。
此外,人类喜欢狗还因为狗的表情很丰富,它们在与人对视时通过表情与人类沟通,能唤起人类的移情效应,俘获敏感而脆弱的心灵[16]。可以说,在它们这里,你收获的不止是跨物种的友谊或亲情,更是一种健康和自由。
人类与狗对悲伤、积极情绪强烈响应的区域是类似的。数万年的相处,这两个物种太熟悉彼此的喜怒哀乐了。图片来源: Voice-Sensitive Regions in the Dog and Human Brain Are Revealed by Comparative FMRI.
狗狗的启发:善择诗意的栖居
今时不同往日,我们比狩猎-采集社会的人类在物质上更充足,比农业文明社会的人类在人身上更自由,比工业社会兴起之初的人类在头脑上更清醒。我们可以自己选择自己的居住环境、工作、朋友,甚至亲人。这对我们自己的身心健康很重要。
越来越多的证据表明,社区灯光污染、交通主干道噪声污染、空气污染对健康是很不友好的[18,19]。比如即使进入睡眠,噪声也会让大脑处于不断的应激状态,最终心血管负荷较大[19]。比如,长期精神压力可反复激活心脏上的糖皮质激素受体,与心脏病风险上升显著相关[20]。再比如,生活在美国芝加哥暴力街区的孩子,第二天清晨尿液中的压力激素皮质醇水平较高,这和PTSD患者一样,对身心健康很不好(心脏病、癌症风险都相对较高)[21]。
与人交往方面,人类的策略处于动态变化之中。进化心理学认为,人类最最本质的心理诉求有两条,一是与人为善,二是己所不欲勿施于人[22]。一旦遇到背叛,人类倾向于牺牲自己的一部分利益来惩罚对方。然而,“牺牲”总是让人不快的。很多时候,如果选择的环境不好,黑暗策略被迫太多了,人就会感觉到重重的负担感,即“情感疲劳”[22,23]。这时候,早点结束应酬回家,跟等待你回家的狗狗抱抱,应该会很暖暖的吧!
人类需要情感支持,大部分时候来自于人类同伴。但狗同样给予我们这些,我们也是狗狗们最大的精神支柱。图片来源:Kennan Harvey Aurora Photos .
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